diff --git a/client/src/components/ppt/PptSlideCanvas.vue b/client/src/components/ppt/PptSlideCanvas.vue
index 7d8afa1..47acca0 100644
--- a/client/src/components/ppt/PptSlideCanvas.vue
+++ b/client/src/components/ppt/PptSlideCanvas.vue
@@ -109,6 +109,18 @@ const isHeroMedia = (unit: RenderUnit) => {
 
 const isUnitVisible = (unitIdx: number) => showFull.value || unitIdx < props.visibleStep
 
+const sectionTitleParts = computed(() => {
+  if (props.slide.kind !== 'section') return { parent: '', title: '' }
+  const parts = props.slide.title.split(' · ')
+  if (parts.length >= 2) {
+    return {
+      parent: parts.slice(0, -1).join(' · '),
+      title: parts[parts.length - 1] ?? props.slide.title,
+    }
+  }
+  return { parent: '', title: props.slide.title }
+})
+
 const stopMediaEvent = (e: Event) => {
   e.stopPropagation()
 }
@@ -143,7 +155,10 @@ const stopMediaEvent = (e: Event) => {
         class="ppt-slide-section-header"
         :class="{ 'ppt-slide-section-header--top': !isTitleFocus }"
       >
-        <h2 class="ppt-slide-section-title">{{ slide.title }}</h2>
+        <p v-if="sectionTitleParts.parent" class="ppt-slide-section-parent">
+          {{ sectionTitleParts.parent }}
+        </p>
+        <h2 class="ppt-slide-section-title">{{ sectionTitleParts.title }}</h2>
         <Transition name="ppt-reveal">
           <div v-if="!isTitleFocus" class="ppt-slide-section-accent"></div>
         </Transition>
diff --git a/client/src/styles/pptPreview.css b/client/src/styles/pptPreview.css
index 415c734..e2e98f9 100644
--- a/client/src/styles/pptPreview.css
+++ b/client/src/styles/pptPreview.css
@@ -201,6 +201,14 @@
   line-height: 1.8;
 }
 
+.ppt-slide-section-parent {
+  font-size: clamp(0.7rem, 1.2vw, 0.875rem);
+  font-weight: 500;
+  color: var(--ppt-muted);
+  margin: 0 0 0.25rem;
+  line-height: 1.3;
+}
+
 .ppt-slide-section-title {
   font-size: clamp(1.125rem, 2.2vw, 1.75rem);
   font-weight: 700;
diff --git a/client/src/utils/articleExport.ts b/client/src/utils/articleExport.ts
index 6c9136f..3db98b5 100644
--- a/client/src/utils/articleExport.ts
+++ b/client/src/utils/articleExport.ts
@@ -418,7 +418,16 @@ async function addSectionSlideToPptx(
   const slide = pptx.addSlide()
   let y = addSectionHeader(slide, sectionSlide.title)
 
+  const titleParts = sectionSlide.title.split(' · ')
+  const h2Title = titleParts.length >= 2 ? titleParts[titleParts.length - 1] : sectionSlide.title
+  let skipDuplicateH2 = true
+
   for (const block of sectionSlide.blocks) {
+    if (skipDuplicateH2 && block.type === 'h2' && block.text === h2Title) {
+      skipDuplicateH2 = false
+      continue
+    }
+    skipDuplicateH2 = false
     y = await addBlockToPptxSlide(slide, block, y, mediaWarning)
   }
 }
diff --git a/client/src/utils/articlePptSlides.ts b/client/src/utils/articlePptSlides.ts
index bf319d2..4026aca 100644
--- a/client/src/utils/articlePptSlides.ts
+++ b/client/src/utils/articlePptSlides.ts
@@ -314,6 +314,7 @@ export function parseHtmlBlock(html: string): ContentBlock[] {
       const imgs = el.querySelectorAll('img')
       const videos = el.querySelectorAll('video')
       if (imgs.length || videos.length) {
+        const blockStartLen = blocks.length
         imgs.forEach((img) => walkNode(img))
         videos.forEach((video) => walkNode(video))
         const textOnly = Array.from(el.childNodes)
@@ -321,7 +322,19 @@ export function parseHtmlBlock(html: string): ContentBlock[] {
           .map((n) => n.textContent || '')
           .join('')
           .trim()
-        if (textOnly) pushParagraph(textOnly)
+        if (textOnly) {
+          let lastImage: ImageBlock | undefined
+          for (let k = blocks.length - 1; k >= blockStartLen; k--) {
+            const candidate = blocks[k]
+            if (candidate.type === 'image') {
+              lastImage = candidate
+              break
+            }
+          }
+          if (!lastImage || !isImageCaptionLike(textOnly, lastImage)) {
+            pushParagraph(textOnly)
+          }
+        }
       } else {
         pushParagraph(el.textContent || '')
       }
@@ -372,18 +385,196 @@ export function getSlideRenderUnits(slide: PptSectionSlide): RenderUnit[] {
   return buildRenderUnits(slide.blocks)
 }
 
-/** 将 Markdown 解析为引言块与按 H2 分节的幻灯片内容 */
-export function parseMarkdownToSections(markdown: string): { intro: ContentBlock[]; sections: SlideSection[] } {
+export interface H1Module {
+  title: string
+  h1Blocks: ContentBlock[]
+  sections: SlideSection[]
+}
+
+const MEDIA_PAGINATE_HEIGHT = 2.8
+const SHORT_PARAGRAPH_MAX = 80
+const BARE_IMAGE_FILENAME_RE = /^[\w\u4e00-\u9fa5.-]+\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|webp|svg|bmp)$/i
+
+function normalizeCaptionKey(text: string): string {
+  return text.trim().toLowerCase().replace(/\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|webp|svg|bmp)$/i, '')
+}
+
+function isBareImageFilename(text: string): boolean {
+  return BARE_IMAGE_FILENAME_RE.test(text.trim())
+}
+
+type ImageBlock = Extract<ContentBlock, { type: 'image' }>
+
+function getImageBasename(src: string): string {
+  const filename = src.split(/[/\\?#]/).pop() || ''
+  return filename.replace(/\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|webp|svg|bmp)(?:\?.*)?$/i, '')
+}
+
+function getImageCaptionKeys(image: ImageBlock): Set<string> {
+  const keys = new Set<string>()
+  const add = (text: string) => {
+    const key = normalizeCaptionKey(text)
+    if (key) keys.add(key)
+  }
+  add(image.alt)
+  add(getImageBasename(image.src))
+  return keys
+}
+
+/** 判定段落/列表项是否为图片冗余 caption（含「标题 + 文件名」复合形式） */
+export function isImageCaptionLike(text: string, image: ImageBlock): boolean {
+  const trimmed = text.trim()
+  if (!trimmed) return false
+
+  const keys = getImageCaptionKeys(image)
+
+  if (isBareImageFilename(trimmed)) return true
+
+  const normalized = normalizeCaptionKey(trimmed)
+  if (keys.has(normalized)) return true
+
+  const tokens = trimmed.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean)
+  if (tokens.length > 0) {
+    const tokenKeys = tokens.map((token) => normalizeCaptionKey(token))
+    if (tokenKeys.every((key) => keys.has(key))) return true
+
+    const uniqueKeys = new Set(tokenKeys.filter(Boolean))
+    if (uniqueKeys.size === 1 && keys.has([...uniqueKeys][0])) return true
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+/** 移除与相邻图片 alt 重复的 caption 段落（含裸文件名与复合 caption） */
+export function dedupeImageCaptionBlocks(blocks: ContentBlock[]): ContentBlock[] {
+  const result: ContentBlock[] = []
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < blocks.length; i++) {
+    const block = blocks[i]
+    const prev = result[result.length - 1]
+
+    if (block.type === 'paragraph') {
+      const text = block.text.trim()
+      const next = blocks[i + 1]
+
+      if (prev?.type === 'image' && isImageCaptionLike(text, prev)) {
+        continue
+      }
+      if (next?.type === 'image' && isImageCaptionLike(text, next)) {
+        continue
+      }
+      result.push(block)
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (block.type === 'list' && prev?.type === 'image') {
+      const items = block.items.filter((item) => !isImageCaptionLike(item, prev))
+      if (items.length) {
+        result.push({ ...block, items })
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+
+    result.push(block)
+  }
+
+  return result
+}
+
+export function buildSlideSectionTitle(moduleTitle: string, sectionTitle: string): string {
+  if (sectionTitle === moduleTitle) return moduleTitle
+  return `${moduleTitle} · ${sectionTitle}`
+}
+
+function isShortParagraph(block: ContentBlock | undefined): block is Extract<ContentBlock, { type: 'paragraph' }> {
+  return block?.type === 'paragraph' && block.text.length <= SHORT_PARAGRAPH_MAX
+}
+
+/** 分页用高度估算（媒体块低于渲染估算，允许与短说明同页） */
+function estimatePaginationHeight(block: ContentBlock, next?: ContentBlock): number {
+  if (block.type === 'image' || block.type === 'video') {
+    return isShortParagraph(next) ? MEDIA_PAGINATE_HEIGHT + 0.45 : MEDIA_PAGINATE_HEIGHT
+  }
+  return estimateBlockHeight(block)
+}
+
+function accumulateBlockHeight(y: number, block: ContentBlock, next?: ContentBlock): number {
+  switch (block.type) {
+    case 'h1':
+      return y + 0.6
+    case 'h2':
+      return y + 0.5
+    case 'h3':
+      return y + 0.45
+    case 'paragraph':
+      return y + estimateBlockHeight(block) + 0.1
+    case 'code':
+      return y + estimateBlockHeight(block) + 0.35
+    case 'list':
+      return y + estimateBlockHeight(block) + 0.1
+    case 'image':
+    case 'video':
+      return y + MEDIA_PAGINATE_HEIGHT + (isShortParagraph(next) ? 0.45 : 0)
+    case 'placeholder':
+      return y + 0.4
+    default:
+      return y + 0.4
+  }
+}
+
+function compactSparseSlides(slides: PptSectionSlide[], sectionTitle: string): PptSectionSlide[] {
+  if (slides.length <= 1) return slides
+
+  const merged: PptSectionSlide[] = []
+
+  for (const slide of slides) {
+    const contentBlocks = slide.blocks.filter(
+      (b) => b.type !== 'h1' && b.type !== 'h2' && b.type !== 'h3'
+    )
+    const totalHeight = slide.blocks.reduce((sum, b) => sum + estimateBlockHeight(b), 0)
+
+    const prev = merged[merged.length - 1]
+    if (prev && contentBlocks.length <= 1 && totalHeight < 1.2) {
+      prev.blocks.push(...slide.blocks)
+      continue
+    }
+
+    merged.push({ ...slide, blocks: [...slide.blocks] })
+  }
+
+  return merged.map((slide, idx) => ({
+    ...slide,
+    title: formatContinuationTitle(sectionTitle, idx),
+    continued: idx > 0,
+  }))
+}
+
+/** 按 H1 模块（# 到下一 #）+ 模块内 ## 小节解析 Markdown */
+export function parseMarkdownToH1Modules(markdown: string): H1Module[] {
   const tokens = getMarkdownParser().parse(markdown, {})
-  const intro: ContentBlock[] = []
-  const sections: SlideSection[] = []
-  let currentBlocks = intro
+  const modules: H1Module[] = []
+  let currentModule: H1Module | null = null
   let currentSection: SlideSection | null = null
 
-  const startSection = (title: string) => {
+  const startModule = (title: string) => {
+    currentModule = { title, h1Blocks: [], sections: [] }
+    modules.push(currentModule)
+    currentSection = null
+  }
+
+  const startSection = (title: string, withH2Block = false) => {
+    if (!currentModule) startModule('前言')
     currentSection = { title, blocks: [] }
-    sections.push(currentSection)
-    currentBlocks = currentSection.blocks
+    currentModule!.sections.push(currentSection)
+    if (withH2Block && title) {
+      pushBlock(currentSection.blocks, { type: 'h2', text: title })
+    }
+  }
+
+  const getTargetBlocks = (): ContentBlock[] => {
+    if (!currentModule) startModule('前言')
+    if (!currentSection) startSection(currentModule!.title)
+    return currentSection!.blocks
   }
 
   for (let i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++) {
@@ -391,12 +582,15 @@ export function parseMarkdownToSections(markdown: string): { intro: ContentBlock
 
     if (token.type === 'heading_open') {
       const title = getHeadingText(tokens, i)
-      if (token.tag === 'h2') {
+      if (token.tag === 'h1') {
+        startModule(title || '章节')
+        pushBlock(currentModule!.h1Blocks, { type: 'h1', text: title })
         startSection(title || '章节')
-      } else if (token.tag === 'h1') {
-        pushBlock(currentBlocks, { type: 'h1', text: title })
+      } else if (token.tag === 'h2') {
+        if (!currentModule) startModule('前言')
+        startSection(title || '小节', true)
       } else if (token.tag === 'h3') {
-        pushBlock(currentBlocks, { type: 'h3', text: title })
+        pushBlock(getTargetBlocks(), { type: 'h3', text: title })
       }
       i += 2
       continue
@@ -405,7 +599,7 @@ export function parseMarkdownToSections(markdown: string): { intro: ContentBlock
     if (token.type === 'paragraph_open') {
       const inline = tokens[i + 1]
       if (inline?.type === 'inline') {
-        pushInlineContent(currentBlocks, inline)
+        pushInlineContent(getTargetBlocks(), inline)
       }
       i += 2
       continue
@@ -413,54 +607,86 @@ export function parseMarkdownToSections(markdown: string): { intro: ContentBlock
 
     if (token.type === 'fence') {
       const lang = token.info ? token.info.split(/\s+/g)[0] : undefined
-      pushBlock(currentBlocks, { type: 'code', text: token.content.trimEnd(), lang })
+      pushBlock(getTargetBlocks(), { type: 'code', text: token.content.trimEnd(), lang })
       continue
     }
 
     if (token.type === 'bullet_list_open') {
-      const { items, endIdx } = parseListItems(tokens, i, 'bullet_list_close', currentBlocks)
-      if (items.length) pushBlock(currentBlocks, { type: 'list', ordered: false, items })
+      const target = getTargetBlocks()
+      const { items, endIdx } = parseListItems(tokens, i, 'bullet_list_close', target)
+      if (items.length) pushBlock(target, { type: 'list', ordered: false, items })
       i = endIdx
       continue
     }
 
     if (token.type === 'ordered_list_open') {
-      const { items, endIdx } = parseListItems(tokens, i, 'ordered_list_close', currentBlocks)
-      if (items.length) pushBlock(currentBlocks, { type: 'list', ordered: true, items })
+      const target = getTargetBlocks()
+      const { items, endIdx } = parseListItems(tokens, i, 'ordered_list_close', target)
+      if (items.length) pushBlock(target, { type: 'list', ordered: true, items })
       i = endIdx
       continue
     }
 
     if (token.type === 'blockquote_open') {
+      const target = getTargetBlocks()
       const quoteParts: string[] = []
       for (let j = i + 1; j < tokens.length && tokens[j].type !== 'blockquote_close'; j++) {
         if (tokens[j].type === 'inline') {
           const { blocks: mediaBlocks, text } = extractMediaFromInline(tokens[j])
-          mediaBlocks.forEach((block) => pushBlock(currentBlocks, block))
+          mediaBlocks.forEach((block) => pushBlock(target, block))
           if (text) quoteParts.push(text)
         }
       }
       const quoteText = quoteParts.join('\n').trim()
-      if (quoteText) pushBlock(currentBlocks, { type: 'paragraph', text: `「${quoteText}」` })
+      if (quoteText) pushBlock(target, { type: 'paragraph', text: `「${quoteText}」` })
       continue
     }
 
     if (token.type === 'table_open') {
-      pushBlock(currentBlocks, { type: 'placeholder', text: '[表格内容]' })
+      pushBlock(getTargetBlocks(), { type: 'placeholder', text: '[表格内容]' })
       continue
     }
 
     if (token.type === 'html_block') {
-      parseHtmlBlock(token.content).forEach((block) => pushBlock(currentBlocks, block))
+      parseHtmlBlock(token.content).forEach((block) => pushBlock(getTargetBlocks(), block))
       continue
     }
 
     if (token.type === 'html_inline') {
-      parseInlineHtmlFragment(token.content).forEach((block) => pushBlock(currentBlocks, block))
+      parseInlineHtmlFragment(token.content).forEach((block) => pushBlock(getTargetBlocks(), block))
       continue
     }
   }
 
+  return modules
+    .map((module) => ({
+      ...module,
+      sections: module.sections.filter((s) => s.blocks.length > 0),
+    }))
+    .filter((module) => module.sections.length > 0 || module.h1Blocks.length > 0)
+}
+
+/** @deprecated 使用 parseMarkdownToH1Modules */
+export function parseMarkdownToSections(markdown: string): { intro: ContentBlock[]; sections: SlideSection[] } {
+  const modules = parseMarkdownToH1Modules(markdown)
+  const intro: ContentBlock[] = []
+  const sections: SlideSection[] = []
+
+  for (const module of modules) {
+    if (module.title === '前言' && modules[0] === module) {
+      for (const section of module.sections) {
+        intro.push(...section.blocks)
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+    for (const section of module.sections) {
+      sections.push({
+        title: buildSlideSectionTitle(module.title, section.title),
+        blocks: [...section.blocks],
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
   if (!sections.length && intro.length) {
     sections.push({ title: '正文', blocks: [...intro] })
     intro.length = 0
@@ -484,7 +710,7 @@ export function estimateBlockHeight(block: ContentBlock): number {
       return Math.min(3.2, Math.max(0.8, block.text.split('\n').length * 0.16 + 0.3))
     case 'image':
     case 'video':
-      return 4.2
+      return MEDIA_PAGINATE_HEIGHT
     case 'list':
       return Math.min(3, Math.max(0.5, block.items.length * 0.28))
     case 'placeholder':
@@ -507,7 +733,8 @@ function formatContinuationTitle(title: string, continuation: number): string {
 
 /** 将章节内容按高度分页为多张幻灯片 */
 export function paginateSectionBlocks(section: SlideSection): PptSectionSlide[] {
-  if (!section.blocks.length) return []
+  const blocks = dedupeImageCaptionBlocks(section.blocks)
+  if (!blocks.length) return []
 
   const slides: PptSectionSlide[] = []
   let currentBlocks: ContentBlock[] = []
@@ -537,41 +764,16 @@ export function paginateSectionBlocks(section: SlideSection): PptSectionSlide[]
     }
   }
 
-  for (const block of section.blocks) {
-    ensureSpace(estimateBlockHeight(block))
+  for (let bi = 0; bi < blocks.length; bi++) {
+    const block = blocks[bi]
+    const next = blocks[bi + 1]
+    ensureSpace(estimatePaginationHeight(block, next))
     currentBlocks.push(block)
-
-    switch (block.type) {
-      case 'h1':
-        y += 0.6
-        break
-      case 'h2':
-        y += 0.5
-        break
-      case 'h3':
-        y += 0.45
-        break
-      case 'paragraph':
-        y += estimateBlockHeight(block) + 0.1
-        break
-      case 'code':
-        y += estimateBlockHeight(block) + 0.35
-        break
-      case 'list':
-        y += estimateBlockHeight(block) + 0.1
-        break
-      case 'image':
-      case 'video':
-        y += 4.2
-        break
-      case 'placeholder':
-        y += 0.4
-        break
-    }
+    y = accumulateBlockHeight(y, block, next)
   }
 
   flushSlide()
-  return slides
+  return compactSparseSlides(slides, section.title)
 }
 
 function buildTitleSlide(post: Post): PptTitleSlide {
@@ -587,14 +789,19 @@ function buildTitleSlide(post: Post): PptTitleSlide {
 
 export function buildPptSlides(post: Post): PptSlide[] {
   const slides: PptSlide[] = [buildTitleSlide(post)]
-  const { intro, sections } = parseMarkdownToSections(post.content || '')
+  const modules = parseMarkdownToH1Modules(post.content || '')
 
-  if (intro.length) {
-    slides.push(...paginateSectionBlocks({ title: '引言', blocks: intro }))
-  }
+  for (const module of modules) {
+    for (let si = 0; si < module.sections.length; si++) {
+      const section = module.sections[si]
+      const blocks: ContentBlock[] = [...section.blocks]
+      if (si === 0 && module.h1Blocks.length) {
+        blocks.unshift(...module.h1Blocks)
+      }
 
-  for (const section of sections) {
-    slides.push(...paginateSectionBlocks(section))
+      const title = buildSlideSectionTitle(module.title, section.title)
+      slides.push(...paginateSectionBlocks({ title, blocks }))
+    }
   }
 
   return slides